Scope
This Hindu Compliance System describes the fundamental concepts and principles of quality for making a deity which is commonly followed for all the śaiva sampradāya in Sanatana Hindu dharma. This standard will help organizations, businesses to create the deity with basic proportions and measurements mentioned in Hindu Scriptures which will hold the energy of the deity invoked in this form. This will also be applicable to the following:
— organizations seeking sustained success through the implementation of standard parameters for sizes;
— customers seeking confidence in an organization’s ability to consistently provide products and services conforming to their requirements;
— organizations seeking confidence in their supply chain to ensure that the product and service requirements are met;
— organizations and interested parties seeking to improve communication through a common understanding of the vocabulary used in quality management;
— organizations performing conformity assessments against the requirements of deity making
— providers of training, assessment, or advice in quality control & management;
— developers of related standards.
Fundamental Concepts and Principles
Building the temple for Ganesa:(Sloka ref 1~8).
- The temple for Ganesa could be built at the boundary of the city or village, in all the eight directions and in the place located between the directions.
- Shrine for Ganesa could be built in the sacred places in which fig-trees and other trees fit for the sacrificial rituals have grown, at the bottom of fig-tree, in all the temples, in the marketplace, in a place where many roads meet, in the homes and in all other places.
- Eight forms of Ganesa could be installed in all the directions of Siva-temple, with the fitting of mantapas (small shrines).
- The image of Vighnesa may be installed facing any desired direction.
- The breadth of the temple may be from one hasta up to 33 hastas and the number of floors may be from one to nine.
- The main shrine may be designed in such a way that its backside is in the likeness of the hind part of an elephant (gajaprushtha) or designed to be in some other suitable form.
- Various forms of Vighnesa should be designed in the four directions of the vimana and the mouse-vehicle (mushika) should be designed in all the four corners.
- The temple should be with a well-formed main shrine duly deposited with the first-stone. It should be provided with the directional Deities (lokapalas). It may or may not be provided with the Kumbha in the middle.
- The temple should be associated with enclosures beautified with many pavilions (mantapas), which should be with a roof designed in the form of Kuta, sabha or sala.
The guardians of the entrance:(Sloka ref 11 and 15~16).
- Guru should design the two guardians of the entrance Vikata and Bhima.
- The guardians of the entrance should be in the form of Bhuta (demon), having two hands, holding plough weapon and tender leaf in their hands, holding a shaft on their right side, dreadful look and protruding tooth and placing one leg over the head of the lion.
- Their complexion is red and they are dreadful.
Mouse vehicle:(Sloka ref 11 and 17).
- The mouse vehicle should be in front of the entrance and to be installed by Guru.
- The mouse-vehicle should be conceived as in smoky colour. It has reddish eyes and a protruding tooth.
- It is with a sharp-tipped tail and four legs and adorned with the garland of kinkini (a kind of bell).
Kumbhodara(Candesvara of Ganesha):(Sloka ref 12 and 18~19)
- Kumbhodara who is empowered to hold the ‘nirmalaya’ should be installed in the north-east of the main shrine.
- The Kumbhodara has four hands, holding a chisel, trident, knife and shaft.
- His colour is red. Being with exceeding brilliance, he is seated on the pedestal known as 'Bhadra Pitha'.
Retinue Deities and Ashtamurtis of Ganesha :(Sloka ref (20)) and (9~10 & 12~14)
- The retinue deities should be installed in all directions.
- The retinue Deities are in white colour and are with big belly attired with a multi-coloured cloth.
- Keeping one hand on the thigh, they are holding in the other three hands noose, goad and their own tusk.
- The names of retinue deities are Visvarupa, Visalaksha, Akshaya, Madavibhrama, Unmatta, Lalita, Bhima and Tikshnadamshtra, which are to be installed in eight directions starting from the east. These are the eight forms of Ganesa (ashta murtis).
- Amoda, Pramoda, Sumukha, Durmukha, Avighna, Vighnaraja, Bhakshyasi, Pancahastaka - these belong to another set of Ashtamurtis of Ganesa.
- There is also another set of Ashtamurtis comprising Hastivaktra, Pralamboshtha,
Vignesa, Ganadhipa, Vinayaka, Ekadanta, Bhakshyapriya and Ahimekhala.
Bali pithas and Lokapalas:(Sloka ref (10) and (22))
- The eight Bali Pithas, occupied by Indra should be installed in all directions.
- Also other directional deities, Lokapalas should be installed in all directions.
- In the eight petals of the Bali-Pitha the eight Gods, Ashtamurtis of Genesa, are present in the pericarp.
- Indra and other Lokapalas and their weapons are present on the outside.
Design for the Ganesha deity: (Sloka ref 36~42)
- Ganesha, the supreme Lord of the various groups of divine and celestial beings, should be formed with the face of an elephant, with huge form and big stomach, adorned with the sacred thread of a snake.
- His thighs and knees should be solid and thickly formed.
- He should be in the colour of blue lotus-flower, with four strong arms, with the trunk curled left wise or right wise and seated on a lotus pedestal.
- He should be formed as well attired with a fitting dress in the colour of whitish-yellow.
- He should be adorned with a crown in the form of kirita, with a white sacred thread across his and extensively adorned with jewellery sets.
- He should be shown as holding his own tusk and goad in his right hands, noose and 'ladduka' (sweet) in his left hands.
- He may be designed as having three or two eyes, as standing or seated on the lotus-pedestal or the mouse-vehicle.
Measurements for the Vignesha deity:
- The height of the Vignesha image from the head to the feet should be divided into 64 equal parts (Sloka ref 26~28).
Top-knot
1
The haired portion of the face
3
Face
12
Neck
2
From the end of the neck to the middle of the chest
11
Middle of the chest to the navel
12
Navel to the genital organ
6
For the thighs up to the knees
6
Knees
3
Shins
6
Feet
2
- The measurements for the face of the Vignesha should be as provided below the table. (Sloka ref 29~32)
Top-knot
1
The haired portion of the face
3
Face
12
Neck
2
From the end of the neck to the middle of the chest
11
Middle of the chest to the navel
12
Navel to the genital organ
6
For the thighs up to the knees
6
Knees
3
Shins
6
Feet
2
The bottom of the haired portion to the line joining the centre point of the two eyes
4
The circumference of each Kumbha on the head
3
The eyes to the bottom of the ears
4
The ears (breadth)
10
The ears (height)
9
The length of the trunk should be taken from the bottom of the tusk to the knee. One tusk should be designed, in the left or right side of the bottom of the trunk. The thickness of the bottom of the tusk should be 4 units, which is less than the length of the tusk.
- The measurements for the main body of the Vignesha are as specified below. (Sloka ref 33~35)
Top-knot
1
The haired portion of the face
3
Face
12
Neck
2
From the end of the neck to the middle of the chest
11
Middle of the chest to the navel
12
Navel to the genital organ
6
For the thighs up to the knees
6
Knees
3
Shins
6
Feet
2
The bottom of the haired portion to the line joining the centre point of the two eyes
4
The circumference of each Kumbha on the head
3
The eyes to the bottom of the ears
4
The ears (breadth)
10
The ears (height)
9
The length between two armpits on the front side
15
Armpit to the top of the upper shoulder
6
The circumference at the middle of the belly
14
The middle of the chest to the bottom of the navel
10
The bottom of the navel to the genital organ
8
Height of the thighs
8
Height of the knees
3
Length of the shin from the bottom of the knees up to the feet
8
References
The above standards have been taken into consideration from Kāmikāgama, Uttara Pada, which is foremost amongst the Shaiva-Agama. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All the standards are subjected to revision considering that it is compliant to Veda-āgama. All the interested parties are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the improvements in the above standards.
विघ्नेशस्थापनं वक्ष्ये लक्षणादिपुरस्सरम् |
पुरादावष्टदिक्ष्वन्ते वान्तराले तदालयः || १
शिवधाम्न्यष्टदिक्ष्वष्टस्तद्देशे मण्टपादिषु |
चैत्यवृक्षादि देशेषु तन्मूले वाखिलालये || २
आपणे वाथ रथ्यायां गृहे वा यत्र कुत्रचित् |
यथेष्टदिशि वक्त्रं स्याद्विघ्नेशस्य हि कीर्तितम् || ३
अथैकादित्र्यस्त्रिंशद्धस्तविस्तार संयुतः |
एकादिनवभूम्यन्त भूमिभाग समन्वितः || ४
विशेषाद्गजपृष्ठाभस्त्वन्यरूपयुतोऽथवा |
दिक्षुविघ्नेश्वरोपेतः कोणे मूषिकसंयुतः || ५
गणो वा स्कन्दरूपाढ्यस्त्वधमालय ईरितः |
पूर्ववत्कृतसद्गर्भः प्रथमेष्टकयान्वितः || ६
दिग्देवमूर्ति संयुक्तो मध्यकुम्भयुतो न वा |
धाम्नस्संस्थापनेनापि युक्तः प्रागुक्त वर्त्मना || ७
प्राकारमण्टपोपेतो मन्टपाद्यैश्च मण्डितः |
मण्टपो वालयस्तस्य कूटाद्याकार एव वा || ८
परितः परिवारोक्तः प्रसंगात् स च कथ्यते |
विश्वरूपं विशालाक्षं अक्षयं मदविभ्रमम् || ९
उन्मत्तं ललितं भीमं तीक्ष्णदंष्ट्रं यथाक्रमम् |
अस्याष्टमूर्तीशान्वाष्ट पीठानिन्द्राद्यधिष्ठितम् || १०
कल्पयेत् पूर्ववत् सम्यग् द्वाराग्रे मूषिक च वै |
द्वारपौ कल्पयेद् द्वारि विकटं भीममेव च || ११
कुम्भोदरं तथैशान्यां न्यसेन्निर्माल्य धारिणम् |
आमोदश्च प्रमोदश्च सुमुखो दुर्मुखस्तथा || १२
अविघ्नो विघ्नराजश्च भक्ष्याशी पञ्चहस्तकः |
एतेऽष्टमूर्तिपाः ख्यातास्त्वन्यथा च निगद्यते || १३
हस्तिवक्त्रः प्रलम्बोष्ठो विघ्नेशश्च गणाधिपः |
विनायकैकदन्तौ च भक्ष्यप्रियोऽहिमेखलः || १४
विग्नेश्वरनिभा ह्येते विघ्नेशस्याष्टमूर्तिपाः |
द्वारस्थौ द्वारपौ कार्यौ भूतरूपौ द्विबाहुकौ || १५
हलपल्लवहस्ताढ्यौ दक्षिणे दण्डधारकौ |
उग्रदंष्ट्रान्वितौ सिंहकन्धरस्थैकपादकौ || १६
रक्तवर्णनिभौ रौद्रौ द्वारपौ विकृताननौ |
धूम्रवर्णस्तथा चाखू रक्तनेत्रस्सुदंष्ट्रवान् || १७
तीक्ष्णपुच्छश्चतुष्पादः किङ्किणीदामभूषितः |
कुम्भोदरश्चतुर्हस्तष्टङ्कशूलासिदण्डधृक् || १८
रक्तवर्णो महादीप्तो भद्रपीठोपरिस्थितः |
श्वेतवर्णा बृहत्कायाश्चित्राम्बरान्विताः || १९
पाशाङ्कुशोरुसंसिक्त स्वदन्तयुतबाहवः |
परिवारा इति ख्याता गणेशाभिमुखस्थिताः || २०
परिवारान्तरे सर्वे क्षेत्रपाः परिकीर्तिताः |
बलिपीठं महापीठं पूर्ववत् परिकल्पयेत् || २१
पीठस्याष्टदलेषूक्ता आमोदाद्यष्टमूर्तयः |
भूतेशः कर्णिकाभ्यां च लोकपास्त्रीणि बाह्यतः || २२
लक्षणं तस्य संक्षेपाच्छृणुध्वं विप्रसत्तमाः |
द्रव्यैश्शिलादिभिः कुर्यात् पञ्चतालोत्तमेन तु || २३
पञ्चाश्द्भाजिते गर्भे पञ्चांशादेकवृद्धितः |
त्रिंशद्भागावसानान्तं गर्भमानं उदाहृदम् || २४
स्तम्भद्वारोदयादेवं मानप्यत्र भाव्यताम् |
प्रतिमालक्षणप्रोक्तमानं लिङ्गादिजं तु वा || २५
केशादि पादपर्यन्तं चतुष्षष्ट्यंशतो भजेत् |
उष्णीषं एकमात्रेण तत्केशं द्व्यङ्गुलेन तु || २६
अर्काङ्गुलेन वक्त्रं स्याद् द्वाभ्यां कण्ठ इहेरितः |
ततो हृदयपर्यन्तं रुद्राङ्गुलं इति स्मृतम् || २७
अर्काङ्गुलं तु नाभ्यन्तं मेढ्रान्तं कौशिकाङ्गुलम् |
तथैव तस्माज्जान्वन्तं जान्वायामं गुणाङ्गुलम् || २८
जङ्घा चोरुसमा ज्ञेया तलोत्सेधं द्विमात्रकम् |
केशान्तादक्षिसूत्रान्तं चतुरङ्गुलमुच्यते || २९
दन्तमूलात्तु जान्वन्तं गजहस्तस्य दैर्घ्यकम् |
दन्तायामाच्चतुर्मात्रं मूलनाहं तथैव च || ३०
दक्षिणेऽदक्षिणे वापि दन्तमेकं प्रकल्पयेत् |
मस्तके कुम्भविस्तारं प्रत्येकं तु गुणाङ्गुलम् || ३१
नेत्रं तु कर्णमूलान्तं चतुरङ्गुलमुच्यते |
कर्णौ च दशमात्रौ स्यात् तत्तारं नन्दमानकम् || ३२
कक्षयोरन्तरं पूर्वे प्रोक्तं पञ्चदशाङ्गुलम् |
कक्षात्तु चोर्ध्वबाह्वन्तं षडङ्गुलमिति स्मृतम् || ३३
मध्यकायस्य विस्तारं मन्वङ्गुलमुदाहृतम् |
हृदयान्नाभिसीमन्तं दशाङ्गुलमिहोच्यते || ३४
नाभेरधस्तान्मेढ्रान्तं वस्वङ्गुलमुदाहृतम् |
अष्टाङ्गुलं द्वयोरूर्वोर्जानुनी चाङ्गुलत्रये || ३५
जङ्घे द्वे तलपर्यन्ते वस्वङ्गुलविनिर्मिते |
गजवक्त्रो गणाधीशो भूतरूपो महोदरः || ३६
नागयज्ञोपवीतस्तु घनपिण्डोरुजानुकः |
नीलनीररुहाभस्तु चतुर्दोर्दण्डमण्डितः || ३७
अवामवामावर्तेभहस्तः पद्मासनस्थितः |
स्वदन्तं परशुं कुर्यात् स्वदक्षिण करद्वये || ३८
लड्डुकं चाक्षमालां च वामापाणावथोत्पलम् |
रक्तवक्त्रधरं वाथ श्यामाभं कनकप्रभम् || ३९
पीतकञ्चुक संछन्नं किरीटमकुटोज्ज्वलम् |
शुक्लयज्ञोपवीतं च सर्वाभरण भूषितम् || ४०
स्वशृङ्गं वाङ्कुशं दक्षे वामे पाशं च लड्डुकम् |
स्थानकं वासनं वाथ गणेशं कारयेत्ततः || ४१
त्रिभिर्विराजितं नेत्रैर्नेत्राभ्यां अथवा द्विजाः |
पद्मस्थं वापि पीठस्थं मूषिकस्थमथापि वा || ४२
vighneśasthāpanaṁ vakṣye lakṣaṇādipurassaram |
purādāvaṣṭadikṣvante vāntarāle tadālayaḥ || 1
śivadhāmnyaṣṭadikṣvaṣṭastaddeśe maṇṭapādiṣu |
caityavṛkṣādi deśeṣu tanmūle vākhilālaye || 2
āpaṇe vātha rathyāyāṁ gṛhe vā yatra kutracit |
yatheṣṭadiśi vaktraṁ syādvighneśasya hi kīrtitam || 3
athaikāditryastriṁśaddhastavistāra saṁyutaḥ |
ekādinavabhūmyanta bhūmibhāga samanvitaḥ || 4
viśeṣādgajapṛṣṭhābhastvanyarūpayuto'thavā |
dikṣuvighneśvaropetaḥ koṇe mūṣikasaṁyutaḥ || 5
gaṇo vā skandarūpāḍhyastvadhamālaya īritaḥ |
pūrvavatkṛtasadgarbhaḥ prathameṣṭakayānvitaḥ || 6
digdevamūrti saṁyukto madhyakumbhayuto na vā |
dhāmnassaṁsthāpanenāpi yuktaḥ prāgukta vartmanā || 7
prākāramaṇṭapopeto manṭapādyaiśca maṇḍitaḥ |
maṇṭapo vālayastasya kūṭādyākāra eva vā || 8
paritaḥ parivāroktaḥ prasaṁgāt sa ca kathyate |
viśvarūpaṁ viśālākṣaṁ akṣayaṁ madavibhramam || 9
unmattaṁ lalitaṁ bhīmaṁ tīkṣṇadaṁṣṭraṁ yathākramam |
asyāṣṭamūrtīśānvāṣṭa pīṭhānindrādyadhiṣṭhitam || 10
kalpayet pūrvavat samyag dvārāgre mūṣika ca vai |
dvārapau kalpayed dvāri vikaṭaṁ bhīmameva ca || 11
kumbhodaraṁ tathaiśānyāṁ nyasennirmālya dhāriṇam |
āmodaśca pramodaśca sumukho durmukhastathā || 12
avighno vighnarājaśca bhakṣyāśī pañcahastakaḥ |
ete'ṣṭamūrtipāḥ khyātāstvanyathā ca nigadyate || 13
hastivaktraḥ pralamboṣṭho vighneśaśca gaṇādhipaḥ |
vināyakaikadantau ca bhakṣyapriyo'himekhalaḥ || 14
vigneśvaranibhā hyete vighneśasyāṣṭamūrtipāḥ |
dvārasthau dvārapau kāryau bhūtarūpau dvibāhukau || 15
halapallavahastāḍhyau dakṣiṇe daṇḍadhārakau |
ugradaṁṣṭrānvitau siṁhakandharasthaikapādakau || 16
raktavarṇanibhau raudrau dvārapau vikṛtānanau |
dhūmravarṇastathā cākhū raktanetrassudaṁṣṭravān || 17
tīkṣṇapucchaścatuṣpādaḥ kiṅkiṇīdāmabhūṣitaḥ |
kumbhodaraścaturhastaṣṭaṅkaśūlāsidaṇḍadhṛk || 18
raktavarṇo mahādīpto bhadrapīṭhoparisthitaḥ |
śvetavarṇā bṛhatkāyāścitrāmbarānvitāḥ || 19
pāśāṅkuśorusaṁsikta svadantayutabāhavaḥ |
parivārā iti khyātā gaṇeśābhimukhasthitāḥ || 20
parivārāntare sarve kṣetrapāḥ parikīrtitāḥ |
balipīṭhaṁ mahāpīṭhaṁ pūrvavat parikalpayet || 21
pīṭhasyāṣṭadaleṣūktā āmodādyaṣṭamūrtayaḥ |
bhūteśaḥ karṇikābhyāṁ ca lokapāstrīṇi bāhyataḥ || 22
lakṣaṇaṁ tasya saṁkṣepācchṛṇudhvaṁ viprasattamāḥ |
dravyaiśśilādibhiḥ kuryāt pañcatālottamena tu || 23
pañcāśdbhājite garbhe pañcāṁśādekavṛddhitaḥ |
triṁśadbhāgāvasānāntaṁ garbhamānaṁ udāhṛdam || 24
stambhadvārodayādevaṁ mānapyatra bhāvyatām |
pratimālakṣaṇaproktamānaṁ liṅgādijaṁ tu vā || 25
keśādi pādaparyantaṁ catuṣṣaṣṭyaṁśato bhajet |
uṣṇīṣaṁ ekamātreṇa tatkeśaṁ dvyaṅgulena tu || 26
arkāṅgulena vaktraṁ syād dvābhyāṁ kaṇṭha iheritaḥ |
tato hṛdayaparyantaṁ rudrāṅgulaṁ iti smṛtam || 27
arkāṅgulaṁ tu nābhyantaṁ meḍhrāntaṁ kauśikāṅgulam |
tathaiva tasmājjānvantaṁ jānvāyāmaṁ guṇāṅgulam || 28
jaṅghā corusamā jñeyā talotsedhaṁ dvimātrakam |
keśāntādakṣisūtrāntaṁ caturaṅgulamucyate || 29
dantamūlāttu jānvantaṁ gajahastasya dairghyakam |
dantāyāmāccaturmātraṁ mūlanāhaṁ tathaiva ca || 30
dakṣiṇe'dakṣiṇe vāpi dantamekaṁ prakalpayet |
mastake kumbhavistāraṁ pratyekaṁ tu guṇāṅgulam || 31
netraṁ tu karṇamūlāntaṁ caturaṅgulamucyate |
karṇau ca daśamātrau syāt tattāraṁ nandamānakam || 32
kakṣayorantaraṁ pūrve proktaṁ pañcadaśāṅgulam |
kakṣāttu cordhvabāhvantaṁ ṣaḍaṅgulamiti smṛtam || 33
madhyakāyasya vistāraṁ manvaṅgulamudāhṛtam |
hṛdayānnābhisīmantaṁ daśāṅgulamihocyate || 34
nābheradhastānmeḍhrāntaṁ vasvaṅgulamudāhṛtam |
aṣṭāṅgulaṁ dvayorūrvorjānunī cāṅgulatraye || 35
jaṅghe dve talaparyante vasvaṅgulavinirmite |
gajavaktro gaṇādhīśo bhūtarūpo mahodaraḥ || 36
nāgayajñopavītastu ghanapiṇḍorujānukaḥ |
nīlanīraruhābhastu caturdordaṇḍamaṇḍitaḥ || 37
avāmavāmāvartebhahastaḥ padmāsanasthitaḥ |
svadantaṁ paraśuṁ kuryāt svadakṣiṇa karadvaye || 38
laḍḍukaṁ cākṣamālāṁ ca vāmāpāṇāvathotpalam |
raktavaktradharaṁ vātha śyāmābhaṁ kanakaprabham || 39
pītakañcuka saṁchannaṁ kirīṭamakuṭojjvalam |
śuklayajñopavītaṁ ca sarvābharaṇa bhūṣitam || 40
svaśṛṅgaṁ vāṅkuśaṁ dakṣe vāme pāśaṁ ca laḍḍukam |
sthānakaṁ vāsanaṁ vātha gaṇeśaṁ kārayettataḥ || 41
tribhirvirājitaṁ netrairnetrābhyāṁ athavā dvijāḥ |
padmasthaṁ vāpi pīṭhasthaṁ mūṣikasthamathāpi vā || 42
Terminology and Definitions
- Vitasti (वितस्ति): A unit of measurement of distance, according to the Vāyu Purāṇa (वायु पुराण). The following table gives some idea about their relations to each other:
1 Vitasti = 8 Aṅgula (finger)
1 Aṅgulas = 8 Yava (barley)
1 Yava = 8 Yūkā (louse)
1 Yūkā = 8 Likṣā (nit)
1 Likṣā = Vālāgra (hair-end)
1 Vālāgra = 8 Rathadhūli
1 Rathadhūli (chariot-dust) = 8 Paramāṇu
mṛgendra āgama vidyā pādaḥ, 13th Chapter, 4th śloka
रजो विलोक्यते तिर्यक् जालाविष्टार्क रोचिषाम्।
तदष्टाष्ट गुणस्थाने तृतीये स्यात्कचाग्रकम्॥
लिक्षा युका यवोप्येवं अङ्गुलं तत्रिसंगुणैः।।
तैरेव गुणितः पाणिः धनुस्तद्वेद लक्षितम्॥
दण्डो द्वे धनुषी ज्ञेयः क्रोशस्तद्विसहरकः।
द्विक्रोशमाहुर्गव्यूतिं द्विगव्यूतिं च योजनम्॥
rajo vilokyate tiryak jālāviṣṭārka rociṣām।
tadaṣṭāṣṭa guṇasthāne tṛtīye syātkacāgrakam॥
likṣā yukā yavopyevaṃ aṅgulaṃ tatrisaṃguṇaiḥ।।
taireva guṇitaḥ pāṇiḥ dhanustadveda lakṣitam॥
daṇḍo dve dhanuṣī jñeyaḥ krośastadvisaharakaḥ।
dvikrośamāhurgavyūtiṃ dvigavyūtiṃ ca yojanam॥
The minute particles seen floating in the rays of the sun which enter through an oblique window are generally known as 'paramanus'. Eight paramanus make one 'Trasarenu'. Eight trasarenus make one 'Kacagra'. Eight Kacagra make one ‘Liksha'. Eight liksha make one ‘Yuka’. Eight yukas make one ‘Yava'. Eight Yavas make one Angula. Twenty-four Angulas make one Hasta. Four Hastas make one bow(Dhanu). Two Dhanus make one Danda. Two thousand Dandas make one ‘Krosa’. Two Krosas make one ‘Gavyuti'. Two Gavyutis make one Yojana'. The extent of Brahmanda (cosmos) is calculated in terms of Yojana.
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